Archive for August, 2008

La Civiltà Cattolica

Sunday, August 31st, 2008

La Civiltà Cattolica

Cover of the issue of 5 August 2006.
Categories national press
Frequency biweekly
Circulation 15,000
Publisher GianPaolo Salvini S.I.
First issue 6 April 1850
Country Flag of Italy Italy
Based In (Rome, Italy)
Language Italian
Website http://www.laciviltacattolica.it/ laciviltacattolica.it
ISSN 0009-8167

La Civiltà Cattolica (Italian for The Catholic Civilization) is an Italian biweekly magazine (or periodical) printed by the Jesuits and founded April 6, 1850 in Naples. It is considered to be prestigious in the scene of catholic magazines. The intent of the magazine is that it be destined to the public, and not just to a specialized audience..

Contents

  • 1 History
    • 1.1 The founding of the periodical
    • 1.2 The 19th century battles
      • 1.2.1 The reactions of the lay culture
    • 1.3 The first half of the 20th century
    • 1.4 After the Second Vatican Council
      • 1.4.1 Ecclesial outlooks
      • 1.4.2 In the Italian political arena
    • 1.5 Recent disputes
      • 1.5.1 The La Civiltà Cattolica magazine and anti-semitism
  • 2 Constants
    • 2.1 The relationship with the Holy See
    • 2.2 The structure of each issue
    • 2.3 Writing committee
  • 3 Today
    • 3.1 Today’s writing committee
    • 3.2 Number of copies printed, circulation, readers
  • 4 The La Civiltà Cattolica magazine and Wikipedia
  • 5 Notes
  • 6 References
  • 7 Bibliography
  • 8 Related articles
  • 9 External links

History

The founding of the periodical

The magazine was founded in Naples by a group of Jesuits.

It’s first inspirer and director was the Jesuit priest Carlo Maria Curci. The idea that brought him to founding the magazine was that of defending “the Catholic civilization”, as then it was conceived as being threatened by the enemies of the Church, and in particular by the liberals and by the masons who were giving many outlines for the national unification of Italy:

Bringing the idea and the movement of civilization to that Catholic concept which it seems to have divorced from for about three centuries

—Padre Curci

The first issue came out on April 6, 1850. Father Curci expressly desired that it be published in Italian and not in Latin, which the Jesuit superiors would have preferred.

Father Curci obtained the full support of Pope Pius IX, who wanted to have the right means of defending Catholic thought, and of Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli. Instead the Superior General of the Jesuits of that time, Father Joannes Philippe Roothaan (1783-1853), was not enthusiastic of the initiative, for fear that if the magazine were to get involved in political issues, the Society of Jesus could be damaged by this.

Among the first editors are the following Jesuits:

  • Luigi Taparelli D’Azeglio (1793-1862), philosopher of law.
  • Matteo Liberatore (1810-1892), scholar of thomist philosophy, he was also on the cutting edge of the social teaching of the Church, to the point that Pope Leo XIII will ask him to write the Papal Encyclical Rerum Novarum.
  • Antonio Bresciani (1798-1862), scholar of literature.
  • Giovanni Battista Pianciani (1784-1862), scholar of Natural science.

The Jesuit fathers Carlo Piccirillo (1821-1888) and Giuseppe Oreglia di Santo Stefano (1823-1895) also gave a hand, while they were yet students.

Many of these fathers will then form the first College of Writers, established “perpetually” on February 12, 1866 with the Apostolic Brief Gravissimum supremi of Pope Pius IX. Up until 1933 the writers stayed anonymous, while from that year on the articles were then signed.

And so the magazine had from the start a polemical or fighting tone to it, which it kept for quite a while. This was the typical style of the 19th century (see also “Christian apologetics”), a style which among other things was also typical of the adversaries of the Church.

Because of the censorship of the police of the Bourbons of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the editorial office was transferred to Rome in 1850. It seems that there was a persecution coming from “freemason counselors and administrators imbued with an anti-curialist spirit”.

After undergoing this move towards Rome the La Civiltà Cattolica magazine took on ever more the guise of being the faithful voice of the thought and of the directives of the Holy See.

In 1870, after the Italian troops entered Rome, the publication was suspended for two months. Between 1871 and1887 the editing staff resided in Florence.

The 19th century battles

As a protagonist of the cultural debate that took place in Italy e in the Church in the second half of the 19th century, La Civiltà Cattolica contributed in a decisive manner to the Syllabus of Errors, to the First Vatican Council (1869-1870) and, above all, to the task of restoring thomist philosophy, which will come about especially during the pontificate of Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903).

It also always held a prominent role in the Italian political arena, following up closely on the events that led up to the political unification of Italy and led to the so-called Roman Question (a political dispute between the Italian Government and the Papacy from 1861 to 1929): after the “Porta Pia breach” (1870), it was always an obstacle for the liberalist political party, which was a minority in the country. And just so it also held up the polemic against modernism.

The reactions of the lay culture

The culture of the Laïcité reacted to the workings of La Civiltà Cattolica by founding in Turin the magazine Il Cimento, which was printed between 1852 amd 1856. With this in their hands, the philosopher Bertrando Spaventa (1817-1883), who was close to the thought of Hegel, and the literary historian Francesco De Sanctis had the proposal of confuting the articles of the catholic magazine.

The first half of the 20th century

All’inizio del Novecento la rivista si rivolgeva alla maggioranza cattolica degli italiani, nel tentativo di costruire una scuola per una classe dirigente preparata ad affrontare il futuro, soprattutto dopo il graduale venir meno del non expedit.

Anche durante il fascismo la rivista puntò soprattutto alla formazione della classe dirigente, ovviando all’assenza di figure di rilievo nel movimento cattolico. Nel 1930, nell’ambito dello scontro fra Stato e Chiesa verificatosi dopo il Concordato del 1929, venne scoperto un legame fra il gruppo antifascista d’ispirazione monarchico-cattolica Alleanza Nazionale e Padre Enrico Rosa, in quel tempo direttore della rivista.

Nel 1936 La Civiltà Cattolica trattò della liceità delle annessioni coloniali. Il tema fu affrontato da padre Antonio Messineo (1897-1968) in un frangente delicato: in quel tempo infatti l’Italia era impegnata nella conquista dell’Etiopia e stava vivendo il conseguente scontro con la Società delle Nazioni.

Nel 1937 pubblicò la lettera, con cui i vescovi spagnoli presero posizione il 1° luglio dello stesso anno 1937 sulla guerra civile, sostenendo il movimento dittatoriale del generale Franco.

È del 1938 un articolo a firma di Enrico Rosa, in cui il gesuita analizza alcune critiche rivolte alla rivista da uno studio sulla questione ebraica. L’autore respinge le accuse secondo le quali la rivista assecondò nel 1890 due misure contro gli ebrei: la confisca dei beni e l’espulsione dall’Italia; il padre Rosa afferma che nessuna delle due può essere ammessa da uno spirito cristiano, e che la rivista non le appoggiò, pur ammettendo che il vigore della polemica propria di quel momento storico non aiutò a esprimere le posizioni nella forma più chiara. Al tempo stesso l’articolo di Enrico Rosa prende le distanze dal nascente antisemitismo fascista.

Secondo il giudizio degli storici cattolici La Civiltà Cattolica continuò sempre nella denuncia di tutti i totalitarismi che insanguinarono il 1900. Tale lettura non è condivisa dal resto degli storici, ed è stata messa in questione anche in tempi recenti (vedi oltre).

È degna di nota l’opera di padre Robert Graham, dedicatosi a smentire le teorie storiche sul preteso “silenzio” di papa Pio XII a proposito dei campi di sterminio nazisti.

Nel secondo Dopoguerra mise in guardia contro il pericolo comunista in Italia e nei paesi dell’Est europeo. Articoli di fuoco, come quelli firmati da Padre Riccardo Lombardi (1908-1979), richiamavano il mondo cattolico alla necessità di organizzarsi per combattere le sinistre nella campagna elezione del 1948.

In quel momento si verificò un dissidio interno al Collegio degli Scrittori sull’opportunità che i cattolici si alleassero con schieramenti diversi:

  • Il direttore della rivista, Padre Giacomo Martegani (1902-1981), vedeva con favore un “asse” di destra fra Uomo Qualunque, Movimento Sociale Italiano e parte della Democrazia Cristiana e, insieme al vescovo di Pompei, monsignor Roberto Ronca (1901-1978), favoriva la costituzione del movimento Civiltà Italica.
  • In pratica prevalse invece una linea conforme, anche se critica, alle strategie di Alcide De Gasperi (1881-1954), rappresentata da padre Antonio Messineo e da padre Salvatore Lener (1907-1983).

right|thumb|Lo stemma della Compagnia di Gesù

After the Second Vatican Council

Ecclesial outlooks

La rivista diede un’amplissima informazione sul Concilio Vaticano II, al quale alcuni suoi scrittori parteciparono anche in qualità di periti.

Da allora la rivista non assunse più un tono di opposizione, ma di dialogo col mondo moderno, nello sforzo di non venire meno alla verità cristiana e senza compromessi, alla ricerca di un dialogo tra fede e cultura.

Il lungo pontificato di papa Giovanni Paolo II influì inevitabilmente anche sulle scelte della Compagnia di Gesù e sulla rivista, favorendo la prospettiva missionaria e la ripresa di articoli apologetici, e il lavoro sulla Nuova Evangelizzazione di un mondo culturalmente sempre più disomogeneo e attratto da punti di riferimento diversi da quelli del Vangelo.

In the Italian political arena

Nel momento del compromesso storico la rivista portò avanti un costante appello all’unità politica e partitica dei cattolici, cosa che sfociò in un pressante e perdurante richiamo a «rifondare» la DC.

Nel frattempo stava avanzando il processo di secolarizzazione della società italiana, visibile nelle sconfitte referendarie su temi come il divorzio e l’aborto. I cattolici divennero minoranza nel paese, e s’indebolì la loro forza politica, fino alla frammentazione e alla «libera uscita» dell’elettorato democristiano dopo la caduta del Muro di Berlino (1989) e l’inizio di Tangentopoli.

Recent disputes

The La Civiltà Cattolica magazine and anti-semitism

David Kertzer, nel suo libro I Papi contro gli ebrei (2001), accusa la Chiesa cattolica di aver sostenuto, con il suo antigiudaismo, l’antisemitismo dei totalitarismi del XX secolo. In particolare riporta che nel 1882 La Civiltà Cattolica annunciò con soddisfazione le prime manifestazioni dei movimenti politici antisemiti moderni che organizzavano congressi internazionali. Riporta pure che nel 1890 nella stessa rivista apparvero tre lunghi articoli sulla “questione giudaica” che negli anni successivi furono riuniti in un libretto di 90 pagine diffuso per ogni dove.

Tale libro è stato oggetto di un pubblico dibattito sul Corriere della Sera tra lo stesso autore del libro e padre Giovanni Sale S.J.. Nella sua replica, il gesuita osserva è vero che c’era stato un antigiudaismo, ma che «la rivista però modificò poi il suo antigiudaismo… E per impulso di Pio XI, a partire dal 1934, pubblicò alcuni articoli contro l’antisemitismo razziale». Inoltre «La Civiltà Cattolica fu l’unica rivista italiana che si oppose, già nell’agosto 1938, alla legislazione razziale emanata da Mussolini il 1º settembre 1938».

Constants

The relationship with the Holy See

Caratteristica specifica de La Civiltà Cattolica è il suo particolare rapporto con la Santa Sede. Quando il fascicolo della rivista è ancora in bozze viene inviato alla Segreteria di Stato per l’approvazione definitiva.

Il giudizio della Santa Sede verte essenzialmente su tre punti:

  1. La conformità degli articoli con l’insegnamento ufficiale della Chiesa in materia di fede e di morale: alcuni articoli di particolare rilievo teologico e morale sono rivisti anche dalla Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede o da altri Dicasteri competenti della Curia Romana.
  2. La conformità o almeno la non sostanziale difformità con gli indirizzi seguiti dalla Santa Sede nei confronti degli Stati, in particolare nei confronti dell’Italia.
  3. L’opportunità o meno di pubblicare taluni articoli in particolari situazioni.

Il lunedì che precede la data di pubblicazione il direttore è ricevuto in udienza in Segreteria di Stato: gli vengono comunicate le osservazioni fatte sul fascicolo, e queste sono discusse per decidere quali devono essere necessariamente inserite nella rivista e quali invece sono lasciate al giudizio e alla prudenza del direttore.

Nonostante ciò, la rivista esce sotto la responsabilità dei gesuiti che fanno parte del Collegio degli scrittori e per loro iniziativa circa gli argomenti trattati. La revisione vaticana non comporta che La Civiltà Cattolica sia un organo ufficiale e neppure ufficioso della Santa Sede; significa soltanto che quanto è pubblicato non è in contrasto con gli indirizzi di quest’ultima sui vari problemi.

The structure of each issue

right|thumb|300px|Il francobollo commemorativo dei 150 anni della rivista (2000)

Esce il primo e il terzo sabato del mese.

In tutti i numeri si trovano, fin dall’inizio, i seguenti contenuti:

  • L’editoriale, che affronta problemi significativi per la vita dell’uomo, della società e della Chiesa;
  • articoli di formazione e riflessione teologica, filosofica, morale, sociale, politica e letteraria;
  • note e commenti che partono da interventi sulla stampa o da libri e che ne presentano una lettura cattolica;
  • tre servizi di cronaca: vita ecclesiale, Italia ed estero;
  • la rubrica bibliografica con recensioni e segnalazioni, e una scheda di presentazione di un film o di una rappresentazione teatrale.

Writing committee

Il direttore è designato dal Superiore Generale della Compagnia col beneplacito della Santa Sede.

La redazione prende il nome di Collegio degli scrittori della Civiltà Cattolica (secondo gli Statuti di Pio IX ancora in vigore), ed è composta interamente da padri gesuiti. Tale Collegio è corresponsabile in solidum di tutto ciò che si pubblica: il lavoro della rivista è collegiale.

Today

Today’s writing committee

Gli scrittori attuali (ovvero nel 2006) sono:

  • GianPaolo Salvini, direttore
  • Michele Simone, vicedirettore e notista politico
  • Guido Valentinuzzi, segretario
  • Virgilio Fantuzzi, spettacolo e comunicazione
  • Luciano Larivera, economia
  • Giovanni Marchesi, teologia dogmatica e cronaca della Chiesa
  • GianDomenico Mucci, cultura e spiritualità
  • Giovanni Sale, storia
  • Antonio Spadaro, letteratura
  • PierSandro Vanzan, teologia pastorale

Gli scrittori emeriti sono: Ferdinando Castelli, Giuseppe De Rosa, Angelo Macchi, Giuliano Raffo, Giovanni Rulli.

Number of copies printed, circulation, readers

Il primo fascicolo fu stampato in 4.200 copie, e se ne dovettero fare sette successive edizioni. Dopo quattro anni la tiratura era di 13.000 copie: numero notevole per l’epoca, tanto che il tipografo dovette acquistare in Inghilterra una macchina celere in sostituzione di quella per la stampa a mano.

Gli abbonati erano 6.307 già alla fine del primo trimestre, e salirono ben presto a 11.800, cifra record per quei tempi: il periodico divenne la prima pubblicazione italiana a diffusione nazionale.

Attualmente la rivista è inviata in abbonamento postale ed è in vendita nelle librerie cattoliche e in altre librerie maggiori.

La tiratura è (2006) tra le 15.000 e le 16.000 copie. Il lettore tipico è una persona di cultura medio alta, principalmente di formazione classica, oltre naturalmente a molti preti, religiosi, e istituzioni cattoliche: conventi, biblioteche, seminari, ecc.

The La Civiltà Cattolica magazine and Wikipedia

La rivista ha dedicato un articolo a firma del padre Antonio Spadaro a Wikipedia.

L’articolo analizza il significato di Wikipedia nel contesto culturale italiano, ne analizza la storia, e ne mette in evidenza pregi e limiti.

La sua conclusione è:

Dalla descrizione e dalle valutazioni compiute comprendiamo bene come Wikipedia rappresenti un sogno illuminista di descrivere il mondo, che però si scontra con le difficoltà di accreditarsi come compendio di sapere credibile, mantenendo nel contempo anonimato, flessibilità e continua apertura a nuovi collaboratori. Nello stesso tempo questa «utopia» rovescia il sogno dell’enciclopedia tradizionale, intesa come costruzione autorevole, organica e integrata del sapere. Infatti Wikipedia è come un organismo vivente: cresce (al ritmo del 7% ogni mese), si “ammala”, è sottoposta a composizioni e scomposizioni interne, ad accrescimenti e riduzioni continue. Ma soprattutto Wikipedia nasconde un’altra utopia, a suo modo, ambigua: la democrazia assoluta del sapere e la collaborazione delle intelligenze molteplici che dà vita a una sorta di intelligenza collettiva. Questa utopia potrebbe nascondere una nuova forma di “torre di Babele”, che ha il suo tallone di Achille non solo nell’inaffidabilità, ma anche nel relativismo.

Notes

  1. ^ The official website says in this regard:
    Gli argomenti vi sono trattati in modo che possano essere compresi anche da persone non specializzate in quella materia; ma la trattazione è, per quanto possibile, scientificamente rigorosa e seriamente approfondita.

    (Translates: “The topics are treated in such a way that they can be understood even by people who are not specialized in that area; and yet they are treated, as far as possible, in such a way as to be rigorously scientific and seriously examined.”)

  2. ^ In the second half of the 19th century Freemasonry had about 300 members in Parliament.
  3. ^ http://www.alleanzacattolica.org/idis_dpf/voci/c_civilta_cattolica.htm, n. 3
  4. ^ È il divieto imposto ai cattolici da papa Pio IX di prender parte attivamente alla vita politica nazionale
  5. ^ Vedi il Testo integrale. Tale lettera fu ignorata anche da L’Osservatore Romano
  6. ^ La questione giudaica e “La Civiltà Cattolica”, in La Civiltà Cattolica, anno 89 - Vol. IV - 1° Ottobre 1938 - quaderno 2119
  7. ^ Titolo originale: The Popes against the Jews, Alfred A. Knopf Inc. 2001
  8. ^ Citato da http://www.uaar.it/ateismo/opere/52.html
  9. ^ Entrambi gli interventi appaiono in un post del vaticanista Sandro Magister
  10. ^ http://www.laciviltacattolica.it/Quaderni/2005/3722/Articolo%20Spadaro.html, La Civiltà Cattolica 2005 III 130-138

References

  • Pollard, John F. (2005). Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850–1950. Cambridge University Press.

Bibliography

  • Francesco Dante, Storia della “Civiltà Cattolica” (1850-1891). Il laboratorio del Papa, Studium, Roma 1990
  • Giovanni Sale S.J., “La Civiltà Cattolica” nei suoi primi anni di vita, in La Civiltà cattolica, anno 150°, volume I, quaderno 3570, 20-3-1999, pp. 544-557.
  • Giuseppe De Rosa S.J., La Civiltà Cattolica. 150 anni al servizio della Chiesa. 1850-1999, La Civiltà Cattolica, Roma 1999
  • Marco Invernizzi, Il movimento cattolico in Italia dalla fondazione dell’Opera dei Congressi all’inizio della Seconda Guerra Mondiale (1874-1939), Mimep-Docete, Pessano (MI) 1995

Related articles

  • Carlo Maria Curci
  • Compagnia di Gesù
  • Luigi Taparelli D’Azeglio
  • Rivista (periodico)
  • Santa Sede

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Jean Louvet (playwright)

Sunday, August 31st, 2008

Jean Louvet (born March 28, 1934) is a Belgian playwright.

He was born in Moustier-sur-Sambre, the son of a miner, and lived a working-class childhood. Three years in the army paid for his studies in Romance philology, and he spent time in academia, but turned to the theater to give expression to his left-wing politics and founded a “proletarian theater”. His work is influenced by Sartre and Brecht, and also by his Walloon roots.

For some years, political considerations kept his work out of Wallonia and he is better known in France. However, he was awarded the “Bologne-Lemaire Walloon of the Year” prize in 2002.

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Jimmy Dykes

Sunday, August 31st, 2008

Jimmie Dykes

Jimmie Dykes

Third baseman
Born: July 9, 1896(1896-07-09)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Died: June 15, 1976 (aged 79)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Batted: Right Threw: Right
MLB debut
May 6, 1918
for the Philadelphia Athletics
Final game
October 1, 1939
for the Chicago White Sox
Career statistics
Batting average     .280
Home runs     108
Runs batted in     1,071
Teams

As Player

  • Philadelphia Athletics (1918-1932)
  • Chicago White Sox (1933-1939)

As Manager

  • Chicago White Sox (1934-1946)
  • Philadelphia Athletics (1951-1953)
  • Baltimore Orioles (1954)
  • Cincinnati Reds (1958)
  • Detroit Tigers (1959-1960)
  • Cleveland Indians (1960-1961)
Career highlights and awards
  • 2x All-Star selection (1933, 1934)
  • 2x World Series champion (1929, 1930)

James Joseph Dykes (November 10, 1896 - June 15, 1976) was an American third and second baseman, manager and coach in Major League Baseball who played for the Philadelphia Athletics and Chicago White Sox from 1918 to 1939. He batted over .300 five times and led the American League in assists once at second base and twice at third base, ending his career sixth in AL history in games at third base (1253), and seventh in putouts (1361), assists (2403), total chances (3952) and double plays (199). When he retired, he ranked eighth in AL history in games played (2282), and ninth in at bats (8046). He holds the Athletics franchise record for career doubles (365), and formerly held team marks for career games and at bats. He went on to become the winningest manager in White Sox history with 899 victories over 13 seasons, though his teams never finished above third place; he later became the first manager in history to win 1000 games without capturing a league pennant.

Contents

  • 1 Early career
  • 2 Late career
  • 3 Managerial career
  • 4 See also
  • 5 References
  • 6 External links

Early career

Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Dykes started his major league career on May 6, 1918 as a second baseman for the Athletics, and served in the wartime Army after the season ended. He spent most of 1919 in the minor leagues after reporting out of shape in spring training, but quickly became one of manager Connie Mack’s favorite players with his defensive versatility and easygoing manner, and remained with the club for the next 14 years, primarily at third base. With powerful wrists and reputedly the sport’s best throwing arm, he took advantage of Shibe Park’s friendly dimensions to finish among the league leaders in home runs in 1921 and 1922, and batted .312, .323 and .324 in 1924, 1925 and 1927. He was named team MVP in 1924 and placed eighth in the league MVP vote in 1927. In one 1927 game, he played every position except catcher and left field, even appearing as a relief pitcher. In 1929, he batted .327 and was ninth in the American League in slugging average as the Athletics won their first pennant in 15 years. He capped the season by hitting .421 in the World Series against the Chicago Cubs; in Game 4, he had two hits and 3 runs batted in in a 10-run seventh inning as Philadelphia overcame an 8-0 deficit, and they won the Series in five games.

Late career

In 1930 Dykes batted .301 as the Athletics repeated as champions; in the 1930 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals, he batted only .222, but drove in the winning run in Game 1 and had a 2-run home run in the final Game 6, a 7-1 victory. In 1931, his batting average dropped to .273 as Philadelphia won its third straight pennant; but they lost their rematch with the Cardinals as he hit .227 in the 7-game Series. At the end of the 1932 season, after a disappointing year for the team, Dykes was sold to the White Sox together with Al Simmons and Mule Haas in order to keep the franchise afloat during the Depression; with the Sox, he was selected to the first two All-Star Games in 1933 and 1934.

In 22 seasons, Dykes was a career .280 hitter with 2256 hits, 108 home runs, 1108 runs and 1071 RBI in 2282 games, along with 453 doubles and 90 triples. His 115 times being hit by a pitch ranked second in AL history behind Kid Elberfeld’s 142, and his 850 strikeouts ranked fourth in major league history. He was the last active major leaguer who had played in the 1910s. His Athletics team records of 1702 games and 6023 at bats were broken in the 1970s by Bert Campaneris after the franchise relocated to Oakland.

Managerial career

Early in the 1934 season, he succeeded Lew Fonseca as White Sox manager; he was a player-manager from 1934 through 1939, and after retiring as a player continued as manager until early 1946. As a manager, he proved more combative and argumentative than he had been as a player, and was often fined and suspended; his 62 ejections were among the all-time top ten when he retired. After Ted Lyons replaced him as the Chicago manager, Dykes managed two years in the minor leagues with the Hollywood Stars. He returned to the majors in 1949 as a coach with the Athletics; one year later, the legendary Mack retired after 50 years managing his team, naming Dykes to the formidable task as his successor for the 1951 season. Mack, who also owned the club, maintained his position as president of the club and Dykes remained as manager until the end of the 1953 pennant race.

Named the Baltimore Orioles’ first manager in 1954 after that franchise relocated from St. Louis, Dykes left in a team reorganization which ended with Paul Richards becoming both field and general manager in 1955. Dykes then ended his 35 years in the American League when he became a coach with the National League’s Cincinnati Redlegs, leading them as interim manager for part of 1958. But he came back to the AL as manager of the Detroit Tigers in 1959. At that point, Frank Lane, then general manager of the Cleveland Indians and famous for his numerous transactions, sent Joe Gordon to Detroit and brought Dykes to Cleveland in a rare trade of managers. Dykes managed the Indians from 1960-1961.

In 21 seasons as a manager, Dykes compiled a 1406-1541 record; he never won a pennant, and his highest finish was third place. He ended his 44-year major league career in 1964 after completing three seasons of coaching for the Milwaukee Braves and the Athletics, who had relocated to Kansas City by that time. Although he had a different style of managing his teams, Dykes had authority, was testy and combative; he liked to make use of his entire roster and was regarded as a motivator of players.

Dykes died in Philadelphia at age 79, and was buried at the St. Denis (Roman Catholic) Cemetery in Havertown, Pennsylvania.

See also

  • List of major league players with 2,000 hits
  • List of Major League Baseball players with 400 doubles
  • List of Major League Baseball players with 1000 runs
  • List of Major League Baseball players with 1000 RBI
  • Chicago White Sox all-time roster

References

  1. ^ a b c “Biography”. sabr.org. Retrieved on 2007-07-30.
  2. ^ a b c “Jimmy Dykes career statistics”. baseball-reference.com. Retrieved on 2007-07-30.
  3. ^ a b c “Jimmy Dykes managerial statistics”. baseball-reference.com. Retrieved on 2007-07-30.
  4. ^ “Jimmy Dykes career statistics”. retrosheet.org. Retrieved on 2007-07-30.

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Performing arts presenters

Sunday, August 31st, 2008

A performing arts presenting organization is an organization, or department or program of a larger organization, that works to facilitate exchanges between artists and audiences through creative, educational, and performance opportunities. The work that these artists perform is produced outside of the presenting organization.

Contents

  • 1 Varieties of presenters
  • 2 Performing arts presenters in the United States
    • 2.1 Alaska
    • 2.2 Arizona
    • 2.3 California
    • 2.4 Colorado
    • 2.5 Connecticut
    • 2.6 Delaware
    • 2.7 Florida
    • 2.8 Georgia
    • 2.9 Hawaii
    • 2.10 Idaho
    • 2.11 Indiana
    • 2.12 Louisiana
    • 2.13 Maryland
    • 2.14 Massachusetts
    • 2.15 Michigan
    • 2.16 Montana
    • 2.17 Nebraska
    • 2.18 New Hampshire
    • 2.19 New York
    • 2.20 North Carolina
    • 2.21 Oklahoma
    • 2.22 Oregon
    • 2.23 Pennsylvania
    • 2.24 Rhode Island
    • 2.25 South Dakota
    • 2.26 Tennessee
    • 2.27 Texas
    • 2.28 Vermont
    • 2.29 Washington
    • 2.30 Washington, D.C.
    • 2.31 Wisconsin
    • 2.32 Wyoming
  • 3 Footnotes
  • 4 External links

Varieties of presenters

Performing arts presenters are typically found in three varieties: 1. Those attached to a college, university, or other educational institution, with performances usually taking place on campus; 2. Those that are an administrative branch of a theater or concert hall, usually presenting performances only in that space; or 3. Those that are independently administered outside any specific venue, usually renting multiple venues for performances.

Performing arts presenters in the United States

Alaska

  • Alaska Center for the Performing Arts (Anchorage, Alaska)
  • Anchorage Concert Association (Anchorage, Alaska)
  • Fairbanks Concert Association (Fairbanks, Alaska)

Arizona

  • Chamber Music Sedona (Sedona, Arizona)
  • UA Presents (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
  • Del E. Webb Center for the Performing Arts (Wickenburg, Arizona)

California

  • Cal Performances (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California)
  • UCLA Live (UCLA), (University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California)
  • The Music Center, Performing Arts Center of Los Angeles County (Los Angeles, California)
  • San Francisco Performances (San Francisco, California)
  • Stanford Lively Arts (Stanford University, Stanford, California)

Colorado

  • City of Fort Collins Lincoln Center (Fort Collins, Colorado)
  • CU Concerts (University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado)
  • Kenneth King Academic & Performing Arts Center (Denver, Colorado)
  • Vilar Center for the Arts at Beaver Creek (Beaver Creek, Colorado)

Connecticut

  • Jorgensen Center for the Performing Arts (University of Connecticut, (Storrs, Connecticut)
  • The Bushnell Center for the Performing Arts (Hartford, Connecticut)

Delaware

  • Schwartz Center for the Arts (Dover, Delaware)
  • Roselle Center for the Arts at the University of Delaware (University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware)
  • The Grand Opera House (Wilmington, Delaware)

Florida

  • Broward Center for the Performing Arts (Ft. Lauderdale, Florida)
  • Mary McLeod Bethune Performing Arts Center & Visual Arts Gallery (Daytona Beach, Florida)

Georgia

  • Rialto Center for the Arts (Georgia State University)
  • Ferst Center for the Arts (Georgia Tech)

Hawaii

  • Maui Arts & Cultural Center (Kahului, Hawaii)

Idaho

  • Morrison Center for the Performing Arts (Boise State University, Boise, Idaho)
  • Sun Valley Center for the Arts (Sun Valley, Idaho)

Indiana

  • BuskirkChumley Theatre (Bloomington, Indiana)
  • Indiana University Auditorium (Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana)

Louisiana

  • Performing Arts Society of Acadiana (Lafayette, Louisiana)
  • McNeese State University Banners Series (McNeese State University, Lake Charles, Louisiana)

Maryland

  • Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center (University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland)

Massachusetts

  • University of Massachusetts Fine Arts Center (UMass Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts)
  • North Shore Music Theatre (Beverly, Massachusetts)
  • Celebrity Series of Boston (Boston, Massachusetts)
  • World Music (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
  • Mahaiwe Performing Arts Center (Great Barrington, Massachusetts)
  • The Colonial Theatre (Pittsfield, Massachusetts)
  • Music Worcester (Worcester, Massachusetts)

Michigan

  • University Musical Society (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
  • Wharton Center for the Performing Arts (Michigan State University)

Montana

  • Hamilton Performing Arts Center (Hamilton, Montana)
  • The Myrna Loy Center for the Performing & Media Arts (Helena, Montana)
  • Whitefish Theatre Company (Whitefish, Montana)

Nebraska

  • Omaha Performing Arts (Omaha, Nebraska)

New Hampshire

  • The Hopkins Center for the Arts (Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire)
  • The Music Hall (Portsmouth, New Hampshire)

New York

  • Lincoln Center Presents (New York, New York)
  • Saratoga Performing Arts Center (Saratoga Springs)

North Carolina

  • Carolina Performing Arts (UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina)

Oklahoma

  • Tulsa Performing Arts Trust (Tulsa, Oklahoma)

Oregon

  • Hult Center for the Performing Arts (Eugene, Oregon)
  • Whitebird Dance (Portland, Oregon)

Pennsylvania

  • Astral Concert Series (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
  • Carnegie Mellon Concerts (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
  • Center for the Performing Arts at Penn State (Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania)
  • Gretna Music (Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania)
  • Kimmel Center Presents (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
  • Manchester Craftman’s Guild (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
  • Penn Presents (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)

Rhode Island

  • Performing Arts Series at Rhode Island College (Rhode Island College, Providence, Rhode Island)
  • Providence Performing Arts Center (Providence, Rhode Island)
  • University of Rhode Island Great Performances (University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island)

South Dakota

  • Washington Pavilion of Arts & Science (Sioux Falls, South Dakota)

Tennessee

  • Buckman Performing & Fine Arts Center (St. Mary’s Epicopal School, Memphis, Tennessee)
  • Jubilee Community Arts (Knoxville, Tennessee)
  • Paramount Center for the Arts (Bristol, Tennessee)
  • Tennessee Performing Arts Center (Nashville, Tennessee)
  • Great Performances at Vanderbilt University (Vanderbilt University)

Texas

  • Society for the Performing Arts (Houston, Texas)

Vermont

  • Middlebury College Center for the Arts (Middlebury College)

Washington

  • UW World Series (University of Washington)

Washington, D.C.

  • Washington Performing Arts Society (Washington, D.C.)

Wisconsin

  • Fox Cities Performing Arts Center (Appleton, Wisconsin)
  • Overture Presents (Madison, Wisconsin)
  • Marcus Center for the Performing Arts (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)

Wyoming

  • Cheyenne Civic Center (Cheyenne, Wyoming)
  • WYO Theater (Sheridan, Wyoming)

Footnotes

“The Capacity of Performing Arts Presenting Organizations,” by Mark A. Hager and Thomas H. Pollak, The Urban Institute, Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy, April 2002.

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Sutton (constructor)

Sunday, August 31st, 2008

Sutton was a racing car constructor which participated in a single FIA World Championship race - the 1959 Indianapolis 500. Powered by a KK500G Offenhauser I-4, their car (a Dayton Steel Foundry/Walther) was driven by Mike Magill. On the 45th lap of the race, Magill was squeezed into the outside wall by the spinning car of Chuck Weyant; Magill flipped over, sliding upside down off the track and into the infield. Drivers Jud Larson and Red Amick, who spun trying to avoid the accident, both stopped and lifted the damaged Sutton upright to free Magill. Their actions, plus the Sutton’s roll bars (made mandatory for the 1959 season), undoubtedly saved Magill’s life.

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Design for X

Sunday, August 31st, 2008

Under the label Design for X a wide collection of specific design guidelines are summarized. Each design guideline addresses a particular issue that is caused by, or affects the characteristics of a product. The design guidelines itself propose usually an approach and corresponding methods that may help to generate and apply technical knowledge in order to control, improve, or even to invent particular characteristics of a product. From knowledge-based view, the design guidelines represents an explicit form of knowledge, that contains information about “knowing-how-to” (see Procedural knowledge). However, two problems are prevalent. First, this explicit knowledge (i.e. the design guidelines) were transformed from a tacit form of knowledge (i.e. by experienced engineers, or other specialists). Thus, it is not granted that a freshman or someone, who is outside of the subject area, will comprehend this generated explicit knowledge, because it still contain embedded fractions of knowledge or respectively include non-obvious assumptions, also called context-dependency (see e.g. Doz and Santos, 1997:16-18). Second, the characteristics of a product is likely to exceed the knowledge base of a single human. There exist a wide range of specialized fields of engineering, and considering the whole life cycle of a product will require non-engineering expertise. For this purpose examples of design guidelines are listed in the following.

Contents

  • 1 Rules, guidelines, and methodologies along the product life cycle
    • 1.1 Development phase
    • 1.2 Production/operations phase
      • 1.2.1 Design rules
      • 1.2.2 Design guidelines
    • 1.3 Utilization phase
      • 1.3.1 Comparison: Consumer durables vs. capital goods
    • 1.4 Disposal Phase
  • 2 Similar concepts in product development
  • 3 References
  • 4 External links

Rules, guidelines, and methodologies along the product life cycle

DfX methodologies addresses different issues that may occur in a phase of a product life cycle:

  • Development Phase
  • Production Phase
  • Utilization Phase
  • Disposal Phase

Each phase is explained with two dichtonoums categories of tangible products in order to show differences in prioritizing design issues in certain product life cycle phases:

  • Consumer durables
  • Capital goods

(Note: Non-durables that are consumed physically when utilized, e.g. chocolate or lubricants, are not discussed. There also exist a wide range of other classifications because products are either a) goods b) service or c) both (see OECD and Eurostat, 2005:48), thus you may refer to augmented product, whole product, or extended product as well. Also the business unit strategy of a firm - that significantly influence priority-setting in design - are ignored.)

Development phase

  • Design rules
    • Basic Rules of Embodiment Design: Clarity, Simplicity, Safety (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 205-236)
  • Organizational Process
    • Design for Short Time to market (Bralla, 1996: 255-266)
  • System Design, Testing & Validation
    • Design for reliability (Bralla, 1996: 165-181), Synonyms: Reliability Engineering (VDI4001-4010)
    • Design For Test
    • Design for safety (Bralla, 1996: 195-210; VDI2244); Synonyms: Safety engineering
    • Design for quality (Bralla, 1996: 149-164; VDI2247), Synonyms: Quality engineering
    • Design Against Corrosion Damage (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 294-304)
    • Design for Minimum Risk (Pahl and Beitz, 1996:373-380)

Production/operations phase

  • Design Rules
    • Design to cost (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 467-494; VDI2234; VDI 2235), see Target costing, Value engineering
    • Design to standards (Pahl and Beitz, 1996:349-356), see Interchangeable parts, product modularity, product architecture, product platform
  • Design Guidelines
    • Design for assembly (Bralla, 1996: 127-136) , (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 340-349)
    • Design for manufacturability (Bralla, 1996: 137-148) , (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 317-340)
    • Design for logistics, Design for postponement (see Delayed differentiation)
  • Specific situations
    • Design for Electronic Assemblies (Bralla, 1996: 267-279)
    • Design for Low-Quantity Production (Bralla, 1996: 280-288)

Design rules

Design to cost and Design to standards serves cost reduction in production operations, or respectively supply chain operations. Except for “luxury goods” or “luxury brands” (e.g. Porsche cars, Swarovski crystals, Haute couture fashion, etc.), most goods - even upper-class goods - are reliant on cost reduction, if these are mass produced (Note: The same is valid for the functional production strategy “Mass customization”). Through Engineering design physical interfaces between a) parts or components or assemblies of the product and b) the manufacturing equipment as well as the logistical material flow systems can be changed, and thus cost reducing effects in operating the latter may be achieved.

Design guidelines

  • Design for manufacturability ensures the fabrication of single parts or components thus are based on an integral design in mechanical engineering terms. It must be noted that every production technology have its own specific design guideline that need to be consulted depending on the situation.
  • Design for assembly addresses the combination of single parts or components to subassemblies, assemblies, modules, systems, etc., thus are based on a differential design in mechanical engineering terms. An important issue is how the embodied interfaces within a product are designed (mechanical engineering, electrical engineering). Contrary, software or respectively firmware interfaces (software engineering, electrical engineering) are not significiant for assembly operations, because these can be “easily” flashed within one production step, what itself is a cost efficient way to enable a wide range of product variants.
  • Design for logistics covers issues along supply chain partners (i.e. legally independent firms) but is by its means closely related to the Design for assembly guidelines. In academic research Design for logistics is tangent to the Strategic alliances, Supply Chain Management, and the Engineering part of New product development. For example Sanchez and Mahoney (1996) argued that product modularity (i.e. how physical sub-systems of a product are sub-divided through interfaces; also called product or system architecture) and organizational modularity (i.e. how organisational entities are structured) depend on each other, and Fixson et al (2005) found that the relationsship between product architecture and organisational structure is reciprocal in context of early supplier involvement during the system design or respectively concept phase of the Product development process.

Utilization phase

  • User focused, see Product design, Industrial design
    • Design for user-Friendliness (Bralla, 1996: 237-254) , see Usability, Ben Shneiderman, Emotional Design
    • Design for Ergonomics (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 305-310)
    • Design for Aesthetics (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 311-316)
  • After Sales focused
    • Design for Serviceability (Bralla, 1996: 182-194; Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 357-359),
    • Design for Maintainability (Bralla, 1996: 182-194; Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 357-359; VDI2246),

Comparison: Consumer durables vs. capital goods

User focused design guidelines may be associated with consumer durables, and after sales focused design guidelines may be more important for capital goods. However, in case of capital goods design for ergonomics is required in order to ensure clarity, simplicity, and safety between the human-machine interface. The intent is avoiding shop-accidents as well as ensuring efficient work flows. Also design for Aesthetics became more and more important for capital goods in recent years. In B2B markets capital goods are usually ordered, or respectively business transaction are initiated, at industrial trade fairs. The functional characteristics of capital goods in technical terms are assumed generally as fulfilled across all exhibiting competitors. Therefore, a purchaser may be subliminally influenced by the Aesthetics of a capital good when it comes to a purchasing decision. For consumer durables the aspect of after sales highly depends on the business unit’s strategy in terms of service offerings, therefore generally statements are not possible to formulate.

Disposal Phase

  • Design for Environment (Bralla, 1996: 182-194), see also Life cycle assessment, Technology assessment
  • Design for recycling (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 360-372), Design for Disassembly
    • Active Disassembly
    • Remanufacturing
    • Recycling of electrical and electronical equipment - Disassembly and processing (VDI2343)
    • Recycling oriented product development (VDI 2243)

Similar concepts in product development

There are several other concepts in Product Development and New Product Development that are very closely related:

  • Engineering Design: Design for X
  • Time Dimension: Product Life Cycle, Product Life Cycle Engineering, Product Life Cycle Management (that is not the same like the Product Cycle in business studies and Economics , see e.g. Vernon (1966). Primary, the unit analysis is here “one product”, or more clearly one single item]
  • Meso-Level Organisation: Concurrent Engineering (American), Simultaneous Engineering (British), and overlapping / parallel Product Development Processes
  • Micro-Level Organisation: Cross-functional teams, Inter-disciplinary teams, etc.

Looking at all life stages of a product (Product life cycle (engineering)) is essential for Design for X - Otherwise the “X” would not make any sense. When asking what competencies are required for analysing situations that may occur along the life of a product, it becomes clear that several departmental functions are required. A historical assumption is that New Product Development is conducted in a departmental stage process (that can be traced back to the classical theory of the firm, e.g. Max Weber’s bureaucracy or Henri Fayol’s administration principles), i.e. New Product Development activities are closely associated with certain department of a company. In the beginning of the 90s, the concept of Concurrent Engineering gained popularity to overcome dysfunctionalities of departmental stage processes. Concurrent Engineering postulate that several departments have to work closely together for certain New Product Development activities (see Clark and Fujimoto, 1991). The logical consequence was the emergence of the organisational mechansim of Cross-functional teams. For example Filippini et al (2005) found evidence that overlapping Product Development Processes only accelerate New Product Development projects if these are executed by a cross-functional team, vice versa.

References

Design for X references

  • Pahl, G., and Beitz, W. (1996). Engineering Design - A Systematic Approach, 2nd edition, London: Springer. (Google Book Preview)
  • Bralla, J. G. (1996). Design for Excellence. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • VDI-guidelines of the “Verein Deutscher Ingenieure” can requested under (www) or purchased from the publisher Beuth (www); The most guidelines are bilingual in German and English.

Auxiliary references

  • Doz, Y. and Santos, J.F.P. (1997). On the management of knowledge : from the transparency of collocation and co-setting to the quandary of dispersion and differentiation. Fontainebleau, FRANCE.
  • Sanchez, R. and Mahoney, J.T. (1996) Modularity, flexibility, and knowledge management in product and organization design. Strategic Management Journal, 17, 63-76.
  • Fixson, S. K., Ro, Y., & Liker, J. K. (2005). Modularization and Outsourcing: Who drives whom? - A Study of Generational Sequences in the U.S. Automotive Cockpit Industry. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, 5(2): 166-183.
  • OECD; Eurostat (2005). Oslo Manual 2005: The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities - Proposed guidelines for collecting and interpreting technological innovation data. : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Statistical Office of the European Communities. (pdf)
  • Vernon, R. (1966) International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80, 190-207.
  • Clark, K.B. and Fujimoto, T. (1991). Product development performance. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.
  • Filippini, R., Salmaso, L. and Tessarolo, P. (2005) Product Development Time Performance: Investigating the Effect of Interactions between Drivers. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 21, 199-214.

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William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp

Saturday, August 30th, 2008

Lord Beauchamp as Governor of New South Wales in 1899


Lord Beauchamp as Governor of New South Wales in 1899

William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp KG, KCMG, PC, (February 20, 1872 – November 14, 1938), British politician, succeeded his father as Earl Beauchamp in 1891, and was mayor of Worcester at age 23. A progressive in his ideas, he was surprised to be offered the post of Governor of New South Wales in May 1899. Though he was good at the job, and enjoyed the company of local artists and writers, he was unpopular in the colony due to a series of gaffes and misunderstandings, most notably over his reference to the ‘birthstain’ of Australia’s convict origins. Beauchamp returned to Britain in 1900, where he joined the Liberal Party.

Beauchamp was Lord Steward of the Household to King Edward VII and was made a Privy Counsellor in 1906. He served in the Liberal Government as Lord President of the Council from June to November 1910, First Commissioner of Works from 1910 to 1914, Lord President again from 1914 to 1915, and was Liberal Leader in the House of Lords from 1924, supporting the failing party with his substantial fortune.

Beauchamp was made Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire in 1911, carried the Sword of State at the coronation of King George V, was made Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports in 1913 and a Knight of the Garter in 1914.

He was also Chancellor of the University of London, a Six Master (Governor of RGS Worcester) and Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms.

In 1931, he was “outed” as homosexual. It was reported to the King and Queen by his Tory brother-in-law, the Duke of Westminster, who hoped to ruin the Liberal Party through Beauchamp. Homosexuality was a criminal offence at the time, and the King was horrified, saying “I thought men like that shot themselves”.

There was no public scandal, but Lord Beauchamp resigned all his offices, except Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, and went into exile on the Continent. He died of cancer in New York City, aged 66.

Lord Beauchamp is generally supposed to have been the model for Lord Marchmain in Evelyn Waugh’s novel, Brideshead Revisited. In his 1977 book, Homosexuals in History, historian A. L. Rowse suggests that Beauchamp’s failed appointment as Governor of New South Wales was the inspiration for Hillaire Belloc’s satirical children’s poem, Lord Lundy. Nevertheless, says Rowse, “Lord Lundy’s chronic weakness was tears. This was not Lord Beauchamp’s weakness: he enjoyed life, was always gay.”

Contents

  • 1 Family
  • 2 References
  • 3 External links
  • 4 Further reading

Family

On July 26, 1902, he married Lady Lettice Mary Elizabeth Grosvenor, daughter of Victor Alexander Grosvenor and Lady Sibell Mary Lumley, and granddaughter of the 1st Duke of Westminster. They had three sons and four daughters. The Beauchamps separated as a result of his brother-in-law the 2nd Duke’s threat of public exposure. Lady Beauchamp died 1936, aged just 59, estranged from all her children except her youngest child.

  1. William Lygon, 8th Earl Beauchamp (3 Jul 1903 - 3 Jan 1979), the last Earl Beauchamp. His widow, Mona, nee Else Schiewe, died 1989.
  2. Hon. Hugh Patrick Lygon (2 Nov 1904 - 19 Aug 1936 Rothenburg, Bavaria) said to be the model for Sebastian in Brideshead Revisited.
  3. Lady Lettice Lygon (16 Jun 1906 - 1973) who married 1930 (div 1958) Sir Richard Charles Geers Cotterell, 5th Bt. (1907-1978) and had issue.
  4. Lady Sibell Lygon (10 Oct 1907 - 31 Oct 2005) who married 11 February 1939 (bigamously) and 1949 (legally) Michael Rowley (d. 19 September 1952), stepson of her maternal uncle the 2nd Duke of Westminster.
  5. Lady Mary Lygon (12 Feb 1910 - 27 Sep 1982) who married 1937 (div) HH Prince Vsevolod of Russia, and had no issue.
  6. Lady Dorothy Lygon (22 Feb 1912 - 13 Nov 2001) who married 1985 (sep) Robert Heber-Percy (d. 1987) of Faringdon, Berkshire. They had no issue.
  7. Hon. Richard Edward Lygon (25 Dec 1916 - 1970) whose younger daughter Rosalind Morrison, formerly the Hon. Lady Morrison (b. 1946) inherited Madresfield Court in 1979.

Of the Earl’s seven children, all but the second son Hugh married, but only two left issue.

References

  1. ^ Beauchamp, seventh Earl (1872 - 1938), Australian Dictionary of Biography
  2. ^ a b A. L. Rowse, Homosexuals in History (1977), pp. 222-223 ISBN 0880290110
  3. ^ Evelyn Waugh: a blueprint for Brideshead - Telegraph
  4. ^ “The scandal that shook Brideshead. “..back in England Lady Beauchamp was even more isolated. Estranged from all her children, save for Dickie, she led a pitiful existence: alone, confused, ill and in thrall to her bullying brother. Lady Beauchamp’s children never made peace with her. She died in 1936, five years after William’s flight. She was only 59.”
  5. ^ “Lady Sibell Rowley” (obituary)] Daily Telegraph, 16 November 2005.

External links

Biographies

  • Cameron Hazlehurst, ‘Beauchamp, seventh Earl (1872 - 1938)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 7, Melbourne University Press, 1979, pp 235-236.
  • Peter Rivendell. William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp. Retrieved 10 June 2008.

Book reviews

  • (Lady) Selina Hastings. “Country house high jinks”. Review of Jane Mulvagh’s book, published 4 June 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2008. Article includes a portrait of the 7th Earl circa 1920 with five of his seven children (his eldest and youngest son are apparently missing; all four daughters and his favourite son Hugh are in the portrait).

Portraits

  • Portrait of the 7th Earl (1899), by Sir Leslie Ward for Vanity Fair. Retrieved 10 June 2008.

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Windham-3-3 Vermont Representative District, 2002-2012

Saturday, August 30th, 2008

The Windham-3-3 Representative District is a one member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.

The Windham-3-3 District includes the parts of the Windham County town of Brattleboro not included in Windham-3-1 or Windham-3-2.

As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The one member Windham-3-3 District had a population of 3,816 in that same census, 5.99% below the state average.

District Representative

  • Sarah R. Edwards, Progressive

See also

  • Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session
  • Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012

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Skrzeszew

Saturday, August 30th, 2008


















Skrzeszew

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Skrzeszew
—  Village  —
Country Flag of Poland Poland
Voivodeship Masovian
County Soko?ów
Gmina Gmina Repki
Population 460

St. Stanislaus church (1705,1733)


St. Stanislaus church (1705,1733)

Skrzeszew is a village in Soko?ów County in eastern Poland.

In 1428 the village was given by Vytautas the Great to bishopric of Luck. The parish of Skrzeszew was established in 1446. In 1808 the village was bought by Franciszek Obniski, who equipped the interior of the church. The Baroque-Neoclassical church from 1st half of 18th century, was damaged in 1915 and restored in 1918. The manor of Skrzeszew was destroyed by Soviet occupation forces in 1939.

This Masovian Voivodeship location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrzeszew”
Categories: Masovian geography stubs | Villages in Masovian VoivodeshipHidden categories: Orphaned articles from November 2006 | All orphaned articles

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S Tvojih Usana

Friday, August 29th, 2008

Crvena Jabuka
Image:Crvena Jabuka.jpg
Studio album by Crvena Jabuka
Released March 22, 1986
Genre New Wave, Pop rock
Label Diskoton
Producer Zeljko Brodaric-Jappa

Crvena Jabuka is the first album by the Bosnian band Crvena Jabuka. It was recorded between 1985 and 1986, and the official release was March 22, 1986.

This album was the first (and only) album to have the band in its original lineup. Many of the songs on this album were written by Zlatko Arslanagic.

After the release of their self titled debut album, Crvena Jabuka was supposed to go on a concert on September 18, 1986. The concert never happened since guitarist and vocalist Drazen Ricl as well as bass player Aljusa Buha died near Jablanica.

This was the album where the band’s logo was derived. On the photo on the album we see a naked woman with a red apple between her legs. Subsequent albums always had a red apple put in some fasion for example Sanjati showed a man holding a red apple. The only two albums that didn’t have the red apple were Nekako s’ Proljeca and U tvojim ocima.

Track listing

All songs are written by Zlatko Arslanagic.

  1. Bjezi Kiso s Prozora
  2. Mojca Mojca
  3. Kad je noc hladna i Zvjezdana (Emira)
  4. On je poput Djeteta
  5. Ucinit cu Sve Da Te Zadovoljim
  6. Sa Tvojih Usana
  7. Nek’ Te On Ljubi
  8. Dirlija
  9. Bivse Djevojcice,Bivsi Djecaci
  10. Neka se Sanja

Sound

The sound on this album is mostly new wave like. Since this album was released during the mid 1980s, it had to have a sound which sounded like the 80s.

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